Twisted pair cable Essay Example

Twisted pair cable Paper difference methods of electronic communication and transmission used. Communication Devices Switches These are mainly used for local area networks (LAN). The reason behind this is that they can be used to bridge a lot of computers together. They do look like hubs but they can vary in speed. They are more intelligent due to the fact that they can send out packets from a set port. There is advantage of using a network switch, they can be used with an Ethernet cable or a fibre optic cable and they still will work perfectly fine. When connecting a router or a server in an LAN or WAN network it is slightly easier because you would just need one cable which would mostly need to a fibre optic cable, so you can get the maximum rate of transfer speed. Routers They are mainly used for connecting one network to another. They are meant for handling information and forwarding to another network connected to the router. You can either connect using wireless or a cable. We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Twisted pair cable specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Normally an Ethernet cable is used to connect the computer networks. Hubs Also known as a concentrator or a multiport repeater. Used in a star or a hierarchical network setup to connect the station or the cable segments. There are two main types of hubs: passive active. Active takes the incoming traffic, amplifies the signal and then forwards it all the ports. In a passive hub it simply divides the incoming traffic and forwards it. A hub can be used to manage and allow individual port configuration and traffic. Hubs operate on the physical layer of the OSI model and they are protocol transparent. This means that they do have the ability to set upper layer protocols such as IP, IPX or a MAC addresses. Hubs just extend them do not control the broadcast or collision domains. Bridges Used to increase the performance of a network by dividing it into separate collision domains. Even though they are more intelligent than hubs due to the fact that they operate at the Data Link layer of the OSI model, they still are not able to control the upper layer protocols. On a separate segment they store the MAC addressing table of all nodes. Basically it takes the incoming frames and checks the destined MAC address and lookups it up against the store MAC addressing table and decides what to do. If the frame is comes from the same port as the destined port than it simply discards the frame. If the destined location is not known than it will be flooded throughout the outgoing ports and segments. Repeaters -One of the less complex hardware of the networking world, because it basically runs at the physical layer of an OSI model, so it is not aware of the frame formats and upper layer protocols. Repeater basically is used to expand a LAN network over large distance regenerating a signal. When using a repeater remember the 5-4-3 rule which means that a maximum distance between two hosts on the same network is 5. Use only maximum of 4 repeaters in a network and only 3 segments can be populated. Gateways Very intelligent devices, they work at the Transport Layer protocol. This is higher than the Upper Layer protocol. This means that can manage and control IP, IPX and MAC addressing. They allow IPX/SPX clients to IP/TCP uplink network to connect to the internet. A gateway in simple terms is like a post office. All the information is sent to it and then as a post office knows the number of houses in the area in the same way a gateway would know all the ports and direct it there. Cell Phones It is a piece of device which is used by a lot of people. It is a portable version and more advanced version of a normal home phone. It lets you voice calling, text messaging, the some other advanced phones even allow video calling and internet browsing. Cell phone is a full duplex device therefore you can connect it to your computer and use it as a modem even though it would be very slow. The newer released phones are somewhere near capable of the proper modem speeds. DCE DTE devices Data Communication Equipment (DCE) is basically equipment which allows communication with a Data Terminal Equipment (DTE). In another words DTE ends the communication line and a DCE provides the path of communication. An example of an DCE is an modem and a computer is a DTE. Fax Machine A device which allows you to send paper copies using PSTN lines to other people. It can also be used to send memos and other information as well. It uses the phone line to transmit the data that is sent. A fax machine has a sensor to read the data and the end of it. It will encode the black and white that it picks on the paper and moves it to the receiving end. It will compress the data before transmitting it. As soon as it receives the data it decodes and decompresses the data so it can arrange it in the way that it scanned it from the original document. There are a lot of things in a fax machine that allow it to do its function. It consists of a source projecting a light beam, a rotating cylinder and a photo electric cell. It also has paper feed like a printer. E-Mail Email also which is the short form for electronic mail. You can use e-mail to stay in contact with your friend/family even colleagues. It does it by finding out the person you want to email hes email address and then you will send him an email and click send and then that person will receive it. Signal Theory When talking about signal theory data is represented by digital format which is dependent on binary or base 2 principles. Analogue and digital frequencies are used for transmitting signals along a medium link. Analogue records the waveform as they are. Digital on the other hand turns the analogue signals normally to sets of number. Analogue signals can have varying amplitude and frequency. Amplitude analyzes the loudness of the signal and Frequency determines the pitch of the signal. Pitch mostly used to refer to low and high notes. If the frequency is lowered than you get a low note and if the opposite is applied than you get a high note. Bit is a binary digit which represents value of 0 which is normally off and 1 which is normally on. Bit can also be referred to as a electrical pulse which is generated by the inner clock in the control unit or data register. Bit can also be used for digital electronics which is another system that uses digital signals. Manipulation of a bit within the memory of a computer can be kept in a steady level on a storage device as a magnetic tape or disc. Byte which is made up of 8 bits is a unit measurement used for information stored on a computer. Synchronous Asynchronous Communication To sum up synchronous communication it is when interaction with data takes place it is done in real time. On the other hand asynchronous or delayed communication is when any data which is archived or stored and accessed later. It is important to choose the most effective delivery mode because it directly impacts the level of interaction that is going to take place. Synchronous It does not use start or stop bits but instead it synchronizes the transmission speed with receiving and sending end of transmission using the clock signals specifically built for each of the components. After this constant streams of data are transmitted between two sources. Because no start or stop bits are involved data transmission is faster, but more problems occur because if latency takes into effect then the synchronization clock will be out of timing therefore the receiving node will get the wrong timings that have been acknowledged in the protocol sending and receiving data. If this happens then data can be corrupted, missing or even wrong message. There are ways around this which take time. You could use check digits and re-synchronize the clocks so that you can verify that the transmission has been successful and has not been interrupted. Advantages of using synchronous transmission are that lower overhead and more data can be transmitted and data transmission rates are also faster. The drawbacks of using synchronous transmission is obviously more prone to problems, it is more expensive and more complex. Asynchronous Opposite to synchronous it uses start and stop bits to mark the start and end of a transmission, this means that 8 bit ASCII characters would be transmitted using 10 bits because the use of start and stop bits. For example (1)10111111(0) the bracketed out one and zero at the start and end mark the start and end of a transmission. This tells the receiving either the first character is transmitting or finished transmitting. This method of transmission is normally used when data is sent occasionally as opposed to in solid stream. Benefits of using asynchronous data is that it works out cheaper because timing is not that important and it is also simple because both end do not require synchronization. Drawback are that if a large amount of data is to be transmitted it would take a long time this is because a lot of bits are only for control uses they do not contain any useful information. Bandwidth is used to define how much volume a medium can transmit. Basically it is the maximum rate at which data can be transmitted across mediums. The more bandwidth a wire can handle the higher transmission rates can be achieved. It can also high transmission rates for multiple users. But there are restrictions in place such as if a user has been transmitting a lot of data between a period of time then a temporary limit will be put on. This is quite common with ISPs. To stop this happening to you best thing to do is not to download a lot at the same time and also close programs which use the bandwidth continuously. Radio Transmission Radio is a way of transmitting signals using varied tones which convey a message of electromagnetic waves with a frequency. Electromagnetic radiation travels in direction of oscillating electromagnetic fields which go through the air and vacuum of space. Changes in radiated waves such as amplitude, frequency or phase allow information to be carried systematically. If the radio waves pass through electrical conductors the oscillating fields induce an alternating current in the conductor. This could be detected and changed into sound or any other type of signal which is able to carry information. Every radio system has a inbuilt transmitter this is the source which allows electrical energy that produces a alternating current of a desired frequency of oscillation. The inbuilt transmitter also has a system which changes some properties of the energy produced to impress a signal on it. This change could be as simple as turning the signal on or off. Change could be more complex such as alternating more subtle properties such as amplitude, frequency, phase or combination of all three properties. The modulated electrical energy is sent via the transmitter to an antenna. Antenna changes the alternating current electromagnetic waves; this allows the waves to transmit in the air. There are drawbacks of using radio. First is attenuation can happen, this basically means the longer the wave has travelling to get to its destination the more weaker it gets. Most obvious example of this would be someone listening to FM radio in the midlands; the further he goes away from the midlands the more signal gets weaker. Microwave An electromagnetic based wave which has a range or wavelength of up to 30 GHz. Currently microwaves are getting more popular due to advancing technologies. Microwave offers high bandwidth at low cost. Most common problem with microwave transmission is reflection. Microwaves are common used for radar which pickup planes and helicopters flying in the air. Microwaves will hit the plane or helicopter and reflect back and gets calculated giving the position of the flying object. Waves are reflected due to a barrier which stops the wave from going further so it hits the barrier and reflects back. Reflection affects the signal if the reflection is not good then the reflection wont happen therefore a dead or a blank signal will be received. To minimize the effect try staying close the satellite. Wireless protocols such as Bluetooth use microwaves to transmit. Satellite Satellite is a orbiting piece of hardware which has been left floating in the air from big companies like Microsoft, satellite can be used for communication. There are also other types of satellites which are used for spying or used for online maps such as Google maps, Microsoft live maps or another services. Satellites provide high bandwidth solutions. Satellite is categorized as a WAN because it uses high speed long distance communication technology which allows them to connect to computers. Attenuation also affects satellite connection due to the same reason. If a satellite is not in the required position and starts transmitting signal it will not reach television so they might not work properly or correctly. Satellite dish has to be in the same direction as the satellite. Satellite signals reach television using a transmission antenna which is located at an uplink facility. The facility has an uplink satellite dish which would be around 9-12 meters in diameter. The bigger the diameter of the satellite the more accurate signals and better signal strength from the satellite is received. The satellite dish would be pointed towards the satellite and the uplinked signal is received by the transponder at a certain frequency. This frequency is normally C-band (4-8 GHz) or KU-band (12-18 GHz). The transponder then retransmits the signal back to the earth. NTSC, PAL or SECAM are three broadcast standards used through out the world. NTSC is normally used in the US, Canada, Japan, Mexico, Philippines, South Korea and other countries. PAL which stands for Phase Alternating Line is an colour encoding system which is used by over 120 countries in the world. In a few years time most of the countries will stop using PAL and either change to DVB-T SECAM It is sequential colour with memory is the analogue colour television system. SECAM was Europes first colour television standard and France currently uses it. The analogue signals for the three broadcasting types are transmitted via a satellite link scramble or unscramble. The analogue signal is a frequency modulated and transformed for a FM to something called baseband. The baseband fuses the audio and video sub carrier. The audio sub is further demodulated to provide a raw audio signal. Digital TVs that transmit via satellites are normally based on open standards such as MPEG and DVB-S. MPEG which stands for Moving Pictures Experts Group is a compressed format which code moving pictures and associated audio information. There is also MPEG 2 which is a digital television signal which is broadcasted via terrestrial cable and direct broadcast satellite TV systems. DVB-S which stands for Digital Video Broadcasting is a standard for satellite TVs which forward error coding and modulation. It is used by every single satellite that serves a continent. Standards Organizations There are difference types of standard organizations. These are the various types of standard organizations TIA/EIA, RS-232, IEEE, ISO, OSI and Manchester Encoding. ISO/OSI International Standards Organizations Open System Interconnect (ISO/OSI) is the standard model for networking protocols and distributed applications. ISO/OSI defines seven network layers. 1. Physical 2. Data Link 3. Network 4. Transport 5. Session 6. Presentation 7. Application I will be only be explaining in-depth the first network layer: Physical. This layer defines what cable or physical medium to be used. There are lots of different types of cable thinnet, thicknet, TPC, UTP. All of these mediums are functionally the same. The major difference between the various cables is the cost, convenience, installation and maintenance. Converters from one media to another operate at this level. TIA/EIA Telecommunications Industry Association Electronics Industries Alliance (TIA/EIA), state the standards which should be used laying cables in a building or a campus. TIA/EIA describes how a hierarchical topology should be laid out. A system where a main cross connect system is used and connected using a star topology using a backbone cabling through a intermediate or a horizontal cross connect. This type of cabling or similar is also used for laying out telecommunication cables. The backbone cabling method will be used to connect the entrance facilities to the main cross connect. In areas such as office a horizontal cross connect for the consolidation of the horizontal cabling, which extends into a star topology. Maximum stated horizontal cable distance should anywhere between 70M-90M. This applies to TTP (Twisted Pair Cable), but the fibre optic horizontal cabling has a set limit of 90M. IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers allows the development of Electro Technology which in other words applies to electricity applied to technology. Societies like the IEEE Computer Society are subsidiaries of the IEEE itself. This standards organization also publishes journals. Devices such as digital camera need set amount of bandwidth speed so it uses a IEEE plug. Any device that uses the IEEE standard uses a twisted pair cable. Signalling Standards NRZ- It stands for Non Return to Zero. It is a binary code normally used for slow speed synchronous and asynchronous transmission interfaces. Ones is represented as a small voltage and zero is negative voltages. They are transmitted by either by set or constant DC voltages. It also uses additional synchronisation so it dose not lose any bits in the process. NRZ-L Non Return to Zero Level is similar to NRZ, but it not a binary code. Same as NRZ one is represented as small voltage, but zero is also represented as a small voltage but it is not as big voltage as one, Therefore it allows more data to be send without a lot of signal change. NRZ-M Non Return to Zero Mark again similar to NRZ, but one is actually represented by a change in physical state and zero is represented as change in physical state. This basically means that there is no voltage when there is no change in physical state. RS-232 This standard applies to serial data transfer such as the 9 pin serial connecters which are commonly used on a computer motherboard. The data is sent in as time series of bits. Synchronous Asynchronous is both supported by this standard. This standard and states the number of control circuits that can be or need to be used to connect the DCE DTE terminal with one another. Data and control circuits which are signalled from a DTE connected to a DCE or vice versa will always flow and operate in one direction this is called half duplex. Only full duplex allows data to be sent and received in both directions at the same time. Manchester Encoding Data bits which are represented by transitions from a logical state another is called Manchester encoding. This is a digital type encoding. In this encoding the signal is self clocking because the length of every data bit is set by default. Depending on the transition direction the state of the bit can be analyzed.

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students

How to Write a Presentation in Psychology Guide for College Students Looking for tips on how to create an effective presentation in psychology? Working on this assignment, you will be able to gain an insight into a field of psychology and human interaction. But this task is rather challenging because you need to choose an interesting topic, research it and present your findings in front of the audience. To help you cope with this assignment, we have prepared this quick guide where you will find all the necessary information for writing and delivering an awesome psychology presentation. And if you need advice on completing other type of project, on our website you can find plenty of full guides to all writing assignments our there. In this article, we will discuss specifics of presentations in psychology, give advice to how to choose a good topic, provide you with step-by-step writing guide, and give you some tips on creating visual aids for your presentation. What Is a Presentation in Psychology? Psychology studies the human brain and people’s behavior, interactions, and thoughts. This interesting field of study has a broad scope and is relevant to a wide range of sectors, including social services, health, advertising, and education. Psychology writing has a goal to inform the audience about new ideas, theories or experiments. Students who study psychology have to write different types of assignment, including essays where they need to develop a coherent argument, research reports where they present results of their research in the format of a journal article, and methodology recounts describing methods they used for conducting experiments and recording their findings. Besides, you may be assigned to prepare a paper presentation and deliver a talk presenting results of your research in front of the audience. When you write a presentation in psychology, you need to convey factual knowledge which is supported by research and be as precise as possible. Making a presentation has some specifics because you need to consider the fact that your audience will not be able to read your paper. Your task is to communicate complex ideas clearly and concisely, minimizing the use of descriptive language and complex sentences and make them understandable to a wide audience. That’s why your presentation should be written in a simple language and you should try to explain complex concepts with a minimum of specific terms. Besides, you may need to prepare visual aids (slides, handouts, posters) to help your listeners follow your argument and emphasize the most important points. Presenting results of the research can be stressful even for experienced psychology scientists because oral presentations take only 10-15 minutes and you need to decide what information to include and how to organize it so that your audience won’t be bored. Choosing an interesting topic and detailed planning are the keys to success. How to Choose a Good Topic for a Psychology Presentation It goes without saying that you should choose a topic you are passionate about. You will be more motivated to overcome possible challenges connected with doing research, organizing material, structuring your presentation, and building slides. But you should also consider your audience – whether they will be members of the faculty who are familiar with psychology concepts or whether they will be people who may never had a class in psychology. Knowing your audience will help you choose the scope of the topic appropriate to their level of knowledge and structure your presentation in psychology with appropriate depth. When you choose a topic, make sure is it is narrow enough so you will be able to cover it in a limited period of time and start researching it – read good primary and secondary sources and take notes of the key ideas that you may want to include in your presentation. Looking for an engaging topic for research? Feel free to choose the one you like from our list: Maslow’s Theory of Motivation; Gender Roles in Relationships; Social Psychological Aspects of Cults; Key Theories of Albert Bandura; Causes of Personality Disorders; The Value of Self-Affirmations; Intelligence and Achievement Testing; Psychology and the Global Climate Change; NLP Communication Model; Anxiety in Children; Psychology of Dreams; Causes of Eating Disorders; Child Abuse and Mental Health Issues; Impact of Exercise on Mental Health; Physical Effects of Stress and Anxiety. Plan Your Presentation Planning stage is very important. Now you have to decide what main messages you want to communicate to your audience – your presentation may be informative or persuasive. Create a strong highly specific thesis statement for your presentation and organize the information you have gathered during your research. A thesis statement presents your main idea in 1 or 2 sentences and lets your audience know what they should expect. A strong thesis statement is clear, concise, specific, and original. It shouldn’t just announce your topic but also reflect your specific angle on the topic. For example, if you are going to make a presentation on the psychology of childhood and fairy tales, your thesis statement may look like this one: ‘Fairy tales reveal a number of specific relationships between young children and their mothers and help explain some important aspects of the psychology of young children like high competition for mother’s attention between siblings and fear of abandonment.’ Use brainstorming techniques and mind mapping and decide what key points you can include in your presentation to effectively support your thesis. When determining how important each piece of content is and whether you should include it or not, you should consider its added value. Your task is to provide a logical argument. Remember: no matter how good an idea is if it doesn’t contribute to supporting your thesis, you should exclude it. Besides, you should remember that you have limited time for your oral presentation so you should be concise when presenting the background and the theory for your research in order to have more time for presenting your study and findings. Share only the necessary information and emphasize your key points to convey a clear message to your audience. It’s important to create a working outline that will help you stay on the track as you write your presentation. Creating an outline in the form of a mind map, a summary table or using another method will make the writing process easier and quicker. There is no set formula for the structure of your presentation but you may follow a basic structure that includes an introduction, main body, and conclusion. Write a Draft for Your Psychology Presentation When you start writing your draft, you should remember that your task is to present a logical sequence of ideas. Don’t just write all the information that you know but articulate your argument and discuss it. Your presentation should â€Å"flow† and each paragraph should be linked to the previous one. Besides, every paragraph needs to represent one main theme which is explained, developed, and illustrated by evidence and examples. Now let’s discuss how to write each part of a psychology presentation in detail. Introductions typically take about 10% of the full word count. A good introduction: begins with a general statement that introduces a topic; provides background information and defines the key terms; sum-ups in 1 or 2 sentences the overall goal of your presentation or reveals your position concerning the issue; identifies the main themes that will be discussed; outlines the presentation’s key argument. For example, you may start your introduction with a general statement that introduces a broad topic like this one: ‘Recent studies on personality development have revealed insight in specific areas which were earlier considered inexplicable such as early interpersonal environment but there are some inconsistencies that require additional examination.’ Sometimes, it is better to write your introduction after you have finished the main body. This approach is preferable when the topic area is not familiar to you. Writing your introduction last will allow you to show a better understanding of the topic and make the beginning of your psychology presentation more powerful. If you write your introduction first, you should check it after you finish the body to ensure that it introduces all your arguments. Body paragraphs typically take about 80% of the total word count. Every body paragraph should convey one main theme and present a number of points relevant to your overall argument. All points should be explained, evaluated, and supported by high-quality evidence and examples. You may also include relevant quotations that support your point of view but you should use them sparingly. You should take into consideration that in psychology, all evidence should rely on data and not on someone’s opinion. For example, if you want to state that attitudes towards gay rights have more liberal in the US, you may convey this idea like this: ‘Recent research has shown that people’s attitudes towards gay rights have typically become more liberal over the last 10 years (Brown, 2015).’ Begin each body paragraph with a topic sentence that introduces the main idea. Include supporting sentences to develop this idea and examples, facts or expert ideas that prove the key point. Provide an evaluation of the evidence and explain why you think it is relevant to your topic. Sum up the ideas of each paragraph with a concluding sentence. Use specific phrases and sentences to show transitions between the paragraphs, for example, in addition, consequently, however, therefore, nevertheless, obviously, on the contrary, in the same way, etc. Ideally, a conclusion summarizes and ties together all the key themes and arguments of your psychology presentation. You shouldn’t include any new information here – only the information and arguments you have already discussed. You may restate your position, briefly sum up and evaluate the key points, and suggest some ideas for further research in the concluding sentence. Revise and Edit Your Draft When you finish the first draft of your presentation, you must revise it and check if it â€Å"flows†. A logical flow is an essential feature of an effective communication as well as correct grammar and spelling. Reread your presentation to take a second look at your ideas and make changes to ensure that all paragraphs follow a logical order. You may change or add information to make your ideas more accurate or more convincing. You may need to rearrange your paragraphs to different positions so that their themes were arranged in a logical sequence. The next stage is editing when you need to improve the writing style. You should check how you expressed your interesting ideas. You can change or add words to improve word choice. You need to fix sentence structure and eliminate spelling, grammar, and punctuation mistakes. Do your best to make your presentation in psychology a polished piece of writing. Finally, format your psychology presentation using the APA style. Tips on Making Visuals for a Presentation in Psychology Visual aids (slides, handouts, graphs, charts, posters) help you guide your audience through your talk and communicate the essential information more clearly. For example, if you are talking about a specific part of the human brain, it would be better if your audience could see a picture of the human brain where this specific part is highlighted. But if you use something like humorous animation or clipart, your visual aid will not be helpful in enhancing the audience’s understanding. Here are some tips on how to create effective slides: Make your slides simple and only add elements, for example, colors that can add some value to your presentation in psychology; Use large fonts – 32pt for your main points and 44pt for titles; Don’t write complete sentences. Instead, use bullet points to give your audience a structure they could follow; If you use graphs and charts, keep them simple and don’t clutter them with additional numbers; Make your visuals professionally attractive. Use the same fonts and backgrounds for all slides and be very careful with images that are not relevant to your topic. Creating presentations doesn’t need to be a challenge. We hope that our easy writing guide will help you create a powerful presentation in psychology and make a great impression on your audience.

The Etymology of Words and Their Histories

The Etymology of Words and Their Histories The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development: that is, its earliest known use, its transmission from one language to another, and its changes in form and meaning. Etymology is also the term for the branch of linguistics that studies word histories. Whats the Difference Between a Definition and an Etymology? A definition tells us what a word means and how its used in our own time. An etymology tells us where a word came from (often, but not always, from another language) and what it used to mean. For example, according to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, the definition of the word disaster is an occurrence causing widespread destruction and distress; a catastrophe or a grave misfortune. But the etymology of the word disaster takes us back to a time when people commonly blamed great misfortunes on the influence of the stars. Disaster first appeared in English in the late 16th century, just in time for Shakespeare to use the word in the play King Lear. It arrived by way of the Old Italian word disastro, which meant unfavorable to ones stars. This older, astrological sense of disaster becomes easier to understand when we study its Latin root word, astrum, which also appears in our modern star word astronomy. With the negative Latin prefix dis- (apart) added to astrum (star), the word (in Latin, Old Italian, and Middle French) conveyed the idea that a catastrophe could be traced to the evil influence of a star or planet (a definition that the dictionary tells us is now obsolete). Is the Etymology of a Word Its True Definition? Not at all, though people sometimes try to make this argument. The word etymology is derived from the Greek word etymon, which means the true sense of a word. But in fact the original meaning of a word is often different from its contemporary definition. The meanings of many words have changed over time, and older senses of a word may grow uncommon or disappear entirely from everyday use. Disaster, for instance, no longer means the evil influence of a star or planet, just as consider no longer means to observe the stars. Lets look at another example. Our English word salary is defined by The American Heritage Dictionary  as fixed compensation for services, paid to a person on a regular basis. Its etymology can be traced back 2,000 years to sal, the Latin word for salt. So whats the connection between salt and salary? The Roman historian Pliny the Elder tells us that in Rome, a soldier was paid in salt, which back then was widely used as a food preservative. Eventually, this salarium came to signify a stipend paid in any form, usually money. Even today the expression worth your salt indicates that youre working hard and earning your salary. However, this doesnt mean that salt is the true definition of salary. Where Do Words Come From? New words have entered (and continue to enter) the English language in many different ways. Here are some of the most common methods. BorrowingThe majority of the words used in modern English have been borrowed from other languages. Although most of our vocabulary comes from Latin and Greek (often by way of other European languages), English has borrowed words from more than 300 different languages around the world. Here are just a few examples:futon (from the Japanese word for bedclothes, bedding)gorilla (Greek Gorillai, a tribe of hairy women, perhaps of African origin)hamster (Middle High German hamastra)kangaroo (Aboriginal language of Guugu Yimidhirr, gangurru , referring to a species of kangaroo)kink (Dutch, twist in a rope)moccasin (Native American Indian, Virginia Algonquian, akin to Powhatan mksn and Ojibwa makisin)molasses (Portuguese melaà §os, from Late Latin mellceum, from Latin mel, honey)muscle (Latin musculus, mouse)slogan (alteration of Scots slogorne, battle cry)smorgasbord (Swedish, literally bread and butter table)whiskey (Old Irish uisce, water, and bethad, of life)Clipping or ShorteningSome n ew words are simply shortened forms of existing words, for instance indie from independent; exam from examination; flu from influenza, and fax from facsimile. CompoundingA new word may also be created by combining two or more existing words: fire engine, for example, and babysitter.BlendsA blend, also called a portmanteau word,  is a word formed by merging the sounds and meanings of two or more other words. Examples include moped, from mo(tor) ped(al), and brunch, from br(eakfast) (l)unch.Conversion or Functional ShiftNew words are often formed by changing an existing word from one part of speech to another. For example, innovations in technology have encouraged the transformation of the nouns network, Google, and  microwave  into verbs.Transfer of Proper NounsSometimes the names of people, places, and things become generalized vocabulary words. For instance, the noun maverick was derived from the name of an American cattleman, Samuel Augustus Maverick. The saxophone was named after Sax, the surname of a 19th-century Belgian family that made musical instruments.Neologisms or Creative CoinagesNow and then, new products or processes inspire the creation of entirely new words. Such neologisms are usually short lived, never even making it into a dictionary. Nevertheless, some have endured, for example quark (coined by novelist James Joyce), galumph (Lewis Carroll), aspirin (originally a trademark), grok (Robert A. Heinlein). Imitation of SoundsWords are also created by onomatopoeia, naming things by imitating the sounds that are associated with them: boo, bow-wow, tinkle, click. Why Should We Care About Word Histories? If a words etymology is not the same as its definition, why should we care at all about word histories? Well, for one thing, understanding how words have developed can teach us a great deal about our cultural history. In addition, studying the histories of familiar words can help us deduce the meanings of unfamiliar words, thereby enriching our vocabularies. Finally, word stories are often both entertaining and thought provoking. In short, as any youngster can tell you, words are fun.

Managing Financial Systems in the Hospitality Industry Essay

Managing Financial Systems in the Hospitality Industry - Essay Example This essay stresses that financial statement appraises the company’s owners of the financial standing of the firm. Based on this the organization takes decisions, which affect both the profitability and the risk of the firm’s operations. In the hospitality industry, management accounting system (MAS) gives an evaluation of the performance. Financial statements help to monitor business performance and analyze statement relevant to investment decisions. There is more emphasis now on risk assessment and non-financial performance measures. This paper makes a conclusion that Market analysis gives details of competition, and expected business based on macro and micro factors. It takes into account the country’s economy, the reasons for recessions and downslide and the resultant impact on the business proposed. The projections of sales and profitability can only be made once the revenue per customer is estimated. Market segmentation further helps to get a realistic picture. The value of the company is determined by the analysts and the capital market by discounting the present value of the future cash flows that will be generated by the company’s operations. The assets and liabilities also change in value over time. The revaluations are fixed with reference to either the stock market or the real estate market. In the case of the hospitality industry it is related to the real estate market. The financial analysts also deal separately with the assets and liabilities.

Say no to Racism Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Say no to Racism - Research Paper Example Racism takes several forms ranging from verbal to non-verbal. Verbally, irritating words are used against individual’s f the minority race. Non-verbal racism is the most common. It may involve denial to access certain facilities such as restaurants as well as job access based on racial background. Non-verbal discrimination is evident in particular attitudes and character that not only undermines a certain race but also denies them expected favours. Reverse racism is another form that has evolved in 21st century. As a result of activists fighting against discrimination against blacks, the white’s rights have been neglected. Internalised racism refers to discrimination among members in the same race based on minute differences in their physical appearance. For instance, among the blacks, lighter skins might be preferred to darker skinned individuals. Historically people were grouped into different races based on their skin colour that lived differently. This historical contexts as well as existing myths made individuals believe that some races are superior to others. Conservative people maintain this perspective and resist to global efforts of turning the world into a global village. Equalityhumanrights.com, (2015). What forms does racial discrimination take? | Equality and Human Rights Commission. [online] Available at: http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/your-rights/equal-rights/race/what-is-race-discrimination/what-forms-does-racial-discrimination-take [Accessed 26 Jan. 2015]. Nittle, N. (2015). Four Different Forms of Racism. [online] About.com News & Issues. Available at: http://racerelations.about.com/od/understandingrac1/tp/Four-Different-Forms-Of-Racism.htm [Accessed 26 Jan.

Voting in Elections Should Be Made Compulsory Essay Example for Free

Voting in Elections Should Be Made Compulsory Essay Compulsory Voting in Election, though highly desirable, cannot be attained due to a number of reasons. Some common reasons that come to mind without pondering a lot are: health issues of voters; which might bar them from exercising vote with a perception that no election is important than their health. Although a passion is seen amongst certain invalids; who are often carried to polling booth by their family on back ; a majority skips the same; especially ones living in metropolitans. They consider carrying their sick and bedridden family members to polling booth as a burden . Another major reason could be male chauvinistic attitude of Indian men ; who always underestimate thoughts and actions of their women. They especially prefer confining their women within the home on polling day. This is the one major reason of fewer number of female voters as compared to males; particularly in villages and small towns. Another reason; for turning off the voters for polling is the increased incidences of violence, booth capturing and criminal activities at polling booth; Making voters reluctant for voting. Such incidences can be easily observed in underdeveloped as well as developing nations with high corruption. A few other reasons; which handicaps Constitution in making polling compulsory or rather Imposing punishment could be the distance between pooling booth and voter’s residence. The situation gets worsened if accompanied by adversities like heavy snow; torrential downpour, scorching heat or thunderstorm; the control of which is beyond the power of Government as well as voters.

How An Avalanche Forms :: avalanche snow form

While there are many different ways for avalanches to set up, they are all related in the sense that the snows' frictional hold on the slope has released and gravity is pulling the snow particles down. When the snow is deposited during the storm, the particles are 'bonding' or 'locking' together and creating layers of particles that are relatively similar. Every time the temperature changes during the storm, or the wind shifts directions, it has an effect on how the snow settles and may form a new layer. Some of these layers are denser than others, and some will bond nicely with neighboring layers while others may not. The better the bonding is between the layers, the more stable the snowpack is. When a weak layer is deposited, or created in the snowpack, the chances of that layer collapsing and causing an avalanche are much higher. The layer may fail due to the force of gravity, the weight of new snow on top of it, or forces from a skier or snowmachine on it. An avalanche occurs whe n the forces due to the previous instances become greater than the mechanical strength of the snowpack. There are two distinct types of avalanches: loose avalanches and slab avalanches. While they are structurally different systems, both can be equally troublesome to those recreating in the mountains. Loose, or point-release, avalanches occur on slopes where the snow has simply lost its ability to remain on the slope. This is due to cohesionless snow sloughing off the surface, and picking up more snow as it falls down-slope. As the first particles of snow begin to release on the steeper aspects of the slope, they collide with lower particles, and create a fanned, triangular appearance on the slope. This type of avalanche generally occurs on slopes of 35 degrees or more and typically involves only the upper layers of the snow pack. Slab avalanches happen when a weak layer in the snowpack fails and the cohesive layer above, separate from the rest of the snowpack and flow down the mountain. The layer that separates remains intact as a unit, and resembles a slab of packed snow flowing down the mountain. As it travels downslope, collides with objects and rolls over the terrain, it generally breaks up and is crumpled into smaller, broken pieces of slab by the bottom of its runout. When either the weak layer fails, or the bond between the slab and the bedsurface releases, the force is drastically increased on all remaining bonds connecting the slab to the slope. How An Avalanche Forms :: avalanche snow form While there are many different ways for avalanches to set up, they are all related in the sense that the snows' frictional hold on the slope has released and gravity is pulling the snow particles down. When the snow is deposited during the storm, the particles are 'bonding' or 'locking' together and creating layers of particles that are relatively similar. Every time the temperature changes during the storm, or the wind shifts directions, it has an effect on how the snow settles and may form a new layer. Some of these layers are denser than others, and some will bond nicely with neighboring layers while others may not. The better the bonding is between the layers, the more stable the snowpack is. When a weak layer is deposited, or created in the snowpack, the chances of that layer collapsing and causing an avalanche are much higher. The layer may fail due to the force of gravity, the weight of new snow on top of it, or forces from a skier or snowmachine on it. An avalanche occurs whe n the forces due to the previous instances become greater than the mechanical strength of the snowpack. There are two distinct types of avalanches: loose avalanches and slab avalanches. While they are structurally different systems, both can be equally troublesome to those recreating in the mountains. Loose, or point-release, avalanches occur on slopes where the snow has simply lost its ability to remain on the slope. This is due to cohesionless snow sloughing off the surface, and picking up more snow as it falls down-slope. As the first particles of snow begin to release on the steeper aspects of the slope, they collide with lower particles, and create a fanned, triangular appearance on the slope. This type of avalanche generally occurs on slopes of 35 degrees or more and typically involves only the upper layers of the snow pack. Slab avalanches happen when a weak layer in the snowpack fails and the cohesive layer above, separate from the rest of the snowpack and flow down the mountain. The layer that separates remains intact as a unit, and resembles a slab of packed snow flowing down the mountain. As it travels downslope, collides with objects and rolls over the terrain, it generally breaks up and is crumpled into smaller, broken pieces of slab by the bottom of its runout. When either the weak layer fails, or the bond between the slab and the bedsurface releases, the force is drastically increased on all remaining bonds connecting the slab to the slope.

Heroism – Beowulf

The concept of heroism is one of which that can be somewhat difficult to explain through literature due to the popularity of the â€Å"pop fiction† heroes that illuminate the spotlight today. Heroes like Beowulf are often looked as mediocre when compared to the crime fighting characters known as Batman and Superman. Roger B. Rollin attempts to distinguish the difference and importance of literary heroes in his article, â€Å"Beowulf to Batman: The Epic Hero and Pop Culture. † Beowulf, the epic hero of the Anglo-Saxons, is depicted to be a true hero in the article.Rollins explains the five types of heroes, why people and cultures have heroes, and how movie heroes affect the view of heroism. Rollins states from the very beginning that there are five types of heroes in the literature. Beowulf is described to be the â€Å"type two† hero, â€Å"If superior in degree to other men and to his environment, the hero is the typical hero of romance, whose actions are marvel ous but who is himself identifies as a human being. The hero of romance moves in a world in which the ordinary laws of nature are slightly suspended† (Rollins, 435).This description is translated to mean that Beowulf is the strongest of his men who surpasses the realities of the physical world while still being human himself. As Beowulf embarked into the depths of the dark lake to face Grendel’s mother it was â€Å"for hours he sank through the waves† (line 572). Though the hero suspends the physical limitations of a human being, this does not mean that Beowulf has no error. In his final battle against the fire dragon, Beowulf acknowledges that he will die, an act of pure defeat when a hero is the subject of attention.Beowulf realizes that â€Å"His weapon/ Had failed him, deserted him, now when he needed it/ Most, that excellent sword† (lines 734-36) and that his life was â€Å"a journey/ Into darkness that all men must make, as death/ ends their few bri ef hours on earth† (lines 739-41). Beowulf, being a type two hero according to Rollins, â€Å"is more human than superhuman† (435). This hero is more attainable for readers themselves, knowing that the powers and virtues the hero possesses are possible to achieve, but not to the extent of the hero himself.By being the classic romantic hero, Beowulf is able to suspend the general limitations of human beings yet still identify himself as a human, fully susceptible to flaws and mistakes. People and their cultures look up to heroes, but not the heroes like those in literature. No, the role models for the world’s culture today are those that include Batman, Superman, and Spiderman. During the time in which Beowulf was written, the people of that time looked up to these warriors as the ideal man.However, since times have changed, today’s culture looks to discover heroes who are ideal in the present society. Like the Anglo-Saxons, society today realizes that they will never live up to the heroism of their heroic role models, but enjoy the entertainment the stories bring. Since Beowulf was passed down orally, embellishments were expected, as they are today; Rollins explains that, â€Å"we know, deep down in our hearts, that Batman will not be turned into a shish kabob by ‘The Joker’†¦. e are aware that such victories do not always occur in reality, there is a part of us which very much wants them to occur† (432). The world’s culture forces people to strive for the better of heroism, fully knowing that it will not become a reality. The fact that people today want their own chance for heroism shows that, in a sense, they are all attempting to become a unique â€Å"Beowulf† themselves. The popularity of movie heroes often distorts the image of heroism.Looking at Anglo-Saxon literature, it is obvious that a hero would be a man who is skilled in hunting, fishing, and almost the exact twin of the king. In pop culture, though, a hero is depicted as a strong, crime-fighting, custom-dressed man who lives a double life. For example, Superman. Kent Clark is an ordinary man, but transforms to the seemingly perfect, Superman when disaster strikes. According to Rollins, Superman â€Å"is absolute in his power, his glory, and his goodness† (435). In the movies, heroes are put above the rest of civilization, making them seemingly untouchable.The movies make it that a hero is not someone like a police officer, but just the person who swoops in and saves the day. On the other hand, in ancient literature, like Beowulf, the hero is a well respected man in the community who is elected to save the kingdom. When compared to movies, the hero from literature does not have the glitz, glam, and fame as a â€Å"Hollywood-ized hero. † The heroes in movies are heroes, but have more of a superficiality face rather than the heroic ideal characteristic as those from the Anglo-Saxon time period.From Beowulf to Batman, heroism is expressed for all time periods to relate. Beowulf was a hero for exemplifying the heroic ideal of his time and similarly, Batman is a hero for fighting crime, a characteristic that is makes his heroism credible. Heroes are relevant in all literature and pop culture; distinguishing the difference is what challenges the learner. WIth careful inspection, it is obvious to understand that there is no one type of hero, but a multitude of heroes that are showcased through literature and Hollywood alike.

Recrystallization

Most important method for the purification of organic solids ; Separation of compounds based on differences in solubility between the compound of interest and its contaminants ; Basic technique: 1 . Dissolve impure sample in an â€Å"appropriate† hot solvent Part A: Choosing a Solvent Part B: Purification of Phonetic 2. Cool solution slowly to induce crystal growth 3. Filter resulting mixture to isolate crystals Reading: Mooring, Hammond & Chats Chi. 15 pigs 183-197 Chi. 0 pigs 104-113 Chi. 14 pigs 174-182 ; Scale: 5-10 MGM coverer based research – a new material prepared in a lab 1,000 keg + commercial applications – sugar refining, synthesis of pharmaceutical agents, etc. ; Molecular selection pure substance aggregation begins – based on size, shape, & functionality molecules deposit on growing surface in orderly manner, excluding those of different size of shape if deposition occurs too quickly, an impure substance can result crystal defects incorporate d impurities Rationalization Steps 1 .Choose an appropriate solvent – compound (solid) should be soluble when solvent is hot – compound should be insoluble when solvent is cold may require some trial & error 2. Dissolve impure compound in the minimum amount of hot solvent – too much solvent & compound may not come out when cool 3. Decolonize solution if needed with activated charcoal (Norris) – skip this step if no/ few colored impurities are present – be sure your compound is not supposed to be colored! 4. Filter off any insoluble materials – insoluble impurities and/or activated charcoal – done while solution is hot 5.Slowly cool the resulting solution to induce crystallization temperature, then in an ice bath – if no crystals form: scratch flask with glass rod or ad a seed crystal to the solution – first cool to room – these methods provide a nucleation point for crystallization 6. Collect and wash the crystals – collection typically by filtration (large quantities) – for small quantities can remove solvent with a pipette – wash crystals with a small amount of ice cold solvent – filtrate (â€Å"mother liquor†) can be concentrated to get â€Å"2nd crop† 7.Dry the crystals thoroughly – apply vacuum & continue suction until crystals are dry – dry crystals further under vacuum in a side arm test tube – can also press solids between two pieces of filter paper Factors that Influence Melting Point ; Melting Point: point of equilibrium between crystalline & liquid states point at which a crystal goes from solid to liquid ; Temperature at which a compound melts is typically a range Factors that influence melting point temperatures: 1.Intermolecular forces start: temperature at which first drop of liquid forms a. Van deer Walls interactions very weak end: temperature at which all solid has turned to liquid b. Dipole-dipole interactions e. G. 82-ICC ; Why do we care about melting point? 1. Can be used to help identify substances ampere pm of unknown substance with that of known substance result from popularization of bonds c. Hydrogen bonding compounds having O-H or N-H bonds d. Ionic forces take a â€Å"mixed† melting point 2. Is an indicator of purity pure samples have narrow pm ranges (0. – 2 co) impure samples melt over a broader range (>ICC) & are depressed very strong 2. Shape ; strength & nature of intermolecular interactions impact melting point temperature Melting Point as an Indicator of Purity ; In a pure sample, all surface molecules need the same energy to escape. Leads to a narrow melting point range. For melting to occur, surface molecules must have enough energy to break free. Stronger intermolecular interactions = more energy required for molecules to â€Å"escape†.Translates to a higher pm. ; In an impure sample, intermolecular forces are disrupted in the region of the impurit y. Less energy thus required for surface molecules to break free. Crystal begins to liquefy at a lower temperature ; structural features that influence how molecules pack together impact melting point temperature symmetrical compounds typically have higher melting points features that disrupt crystal lattice lower melting point Next Week Experiment 2: Rationalization & Melting Point A.Choosing a Solvent identify an appropriate solvent for the rationalization of phonetic B. Purification of Phonetic purify the impure solid evaluate success by melting point & TTL Come prepared. You will get only one sample of phonetic DUE: Thin Layer Chromatography Lab Report (expo 1) Lab Reports are due at the beginning of your regular lab session ; Still some regions without impurities. Additional energy required for surface molecules in these regions to break free. End result is that melting point range is broadenedExperimental Details – Part A – prepare a hot water bath begin heating as soon as you arrive in lab – put a spatula tip of the impure compound into a small test tube no need to get an accurate mass – to the 1st tube, add 0. 5-1 ml of one of the solvents to be tested 10-20 drops (1 drop = ca. 0. Ml) – evaluate behavior: upon addition of solvent, when hot, when cold if compound dissolves upon addition, no need to go further if solids remain, heat in hot water bath to near boiling

Anglo-Saxon Characteristics in society today essays

Anglo-Saxon Characteristics in society today essays What characteristics are necessary in our society today? Does society think that valor, selflessness, or loyalty is important? In Anglo-Saxon times those characteristics were what held their people together and without them their society would perish. Some people over look the benefits of having those characteristics and they are not always important to everyone, but for the most part, they are very necessary in our society. Selflessness means that instead of worrying or caring about oneself all the time a person does things for others. If a person is selfless they are willing to put their own needs aside and even may jeopardize their own safety for another. There are too many people in this world thinking about only their own well being. It is necessary to have people who devote their lives to helping others; otherwise we as a society would never survive. There is always a need for nurses, health care professionals and specialized doctors who like to help others in need. The next characteristic necessary to society is Loyalty. Loyalty is when a person is totally devoted to a place, person, thing, or religion and even when everything is against him for being devoted that person does not stray. There are some exceptions but for the most part many people in society today would not be willing to give up there life for our country. Back in the Anglo-Saxon days loyalty is what held a clan together. All the people would fight and defend until the death. Like the Anglo-Saxons many individuals in the Army, Navy, and Air Force are fighting for the United States every day. They are willing to give up everything they have to keep this country safe. That is being loyal. Its necessary for our society today to have the military and other people devoted to the United States because otherwise our country would fall apart. Lastly, valor means being brave and having courage. If our society didnt have valor we would...

Physical Change Definition in Chemistry

Physical Change Definition in Chemistry A physical change is a type of change in which the form of matter is altered but one substance is not transformed into another. The size or shape of matter may be changed, but no chemical reaction occurs. Physical changes are usually reversible. Note that whether a process is reversible or not is not truly a criterion for being a physical change. For example, smashing a rock or shredding paper are physical changes that cannot be undone. Contrast this with a chemical change, in which chemical bonds are broken or formed so that the starting and ending materials are chemically different. Most chemical changes are irreversible. On the other hand, melting water into ice (and other phase changes) can be reversed. Physical Change Examples Examples of physical changes include: Crumpling a sheet or paper (a good example of a reversible physical change)Breaking a pane of glass (the chemical composition of the glass remains the same)Freezing water into ice  (the chemical formula is not changed)Chopping vegetables (cutting separates molecules, but does not alter them)Dissolving sugar in water (sugar mixes with water, but the molecules are not changed and may be recovered by boiling off the water)Tempering steel (hammering the steel does not change its composition, but does alter its properties, including hardness and flexibility) Categories of Physical Changes Its not always easy to tell chemical and physical changes apart. Here are some types of physical changes that may help: Phase Changes - Altering the temperature and/or pressure can change the phase of a material, yet its composition is unchanged,Magnetism - If you hold a magnet up to iron, youll temporarily magnetize it. This is a physical change because its not permanent and no chemical reaction occurs.Mixtures - Mixing together materials where one is not soluble in the other is a physical change. Note the properties of a mixture may be different from its components. For example, if you mix together sand and water, you can pack the sand into a shape. Yet, you can separate the components of the mixture by allowing them to settle or by using a sieve.Crystallization - Crystallizing a solid does not produce a new molecule, even though the crystal will have different properties from other solids. Turning graphite into a diamond doesnt produce a chemical reaction.Alloys - Mixing together two or more metals is a physical change that is not reversible. The reason alloying is not a chemical change is that the components retain their original identities. Solutions - Solutions are tricky because it may be hard to tell whether or not a chemical reaction has occurred when you mix together the materials. Usually, if there is no color change, temperature change, precipitate formation, or gas production, the solution is a physical change. Otherwise, a chemical reaction has occurred and a chemical change is indicated.

General Electric fianancial accounting analysis Research Paper

General Electric fianancial accounting analysis - Research Paper Example Section II: Financial Statements and Financial Ratios As a decision maker, we need to know about the company's financial strength when we have to make any investment in the company, or we have to know how the company is faring in terms of liquidity or how the company can reward to its shareholders or for that matter how the company is currently performing compared to the previous years. One can make a good estimate for any firm by studying their financial statements, financial ratios and when they are compared with industry averages, it can give a good understanding where the company stands in the marketplace. For any company we can study following financial statements which can give us most of the information necessary to make our decisions whether that pertains to investment, employment or as a supplier to safeguard our receivables etc. 1. Profit and Loss or Income Statement 2. Cash Flow Statement 3. Balance Sheet Profit and Loss Statement gives us the information how the company f ared during the given financial year. When compared with previous years’ profit and loss figure, we can quickly find whether the company has made any progress or not. If the company is going downside then that also can be found from the income statement. When these figures are compared with the industry average, it can be found how the company is doing against its competitors. Cash Flow Statement is a measure of company’s liquidity strength. It may be that the company is showing profit in their income statement but still its cash flow may be not healthy or even sometimes negative. Obviously, such companies will have difficulty in paying back its debt when due. Cash flow rich companies reward its shareholders liberally and increasing dividend declared is a sign of the good cash flow generated by the company. Balance Sheet is an indication of the company’s status at given point. Usually, it shows its financial status at the end of the financial year. This financia l statement displays a cumulative strength of the company year after year. All the accumulated reserve from so many years of operation can be seen through this statement. We can come to the conclusion quickly by finding or knowing the financial ratios depending upon what kind of the decisions we want to take regarding the company. It would be worthwhile to look into some of the financial data and the ratios of the General Electric Co. Important Financial Ratios (Based on latest balance sheet for the year ended 12/31/2010) Asset Turnover is a good measure of the utilization of company’s assets in making the sales in a competitive market. It is an indication of how efficiently resources are made use of. Asset Turnover = Sales/Average Total Assets (Drake, Pamela) = 150,211/751,216 =0.20% This does not augur well with GE, when compared with the industry average as it comes to first 20th percentile. (GE, Financials) Similarly, when GE's profitability ratios are calculated, they ar e found to be as follows. Return on Assets= 1.28% On comparing with industry average,